Examining the role of servant leadership in promoting ethical behavior: A Systematic literature review

Authors

  • Ahmad Muktamar Institut Lamaddukkelleng Sengkang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia Author
  • Nurnaningsih A Nurnaningsih A Institut Agama Islam As’adiyah Sengkang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62207/md077h67

Keywords:

Servant leadership, ethical behavior, non-profit organizations, commercial organizations, systematic literature review

Abstract

This study investigates the role of servant leadership in promoting ethical behavior in organizations, by comparing its impact between nonprofit and commercial organizations. Through a systematic literature review approach using the PRISMA method, this research concludes that servant leadership positively influences work culture, organizational performance, and relationships with stakeholders. Implementing servant leadership can help build an inclusive organizational culture, increase employee engagement, and reduce unethical behavior.

References

Aboramadan, M., Dahleez, K., & Hamad, M. (2020). Servant leadership and academic outcomes in higher education: the role of job satisfaction. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29(3), 562-584. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-11-2019-1923

Aboramadan, M., Hamid, Z., Kundi, Y., & Hamalawi, E. (2022). The effect of servant leadership on employees' extra‐role behaviors in npos: the role of work engagement. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 33(1), 109-129. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21505

Aboramadan, M. and Dahleez, K. (2020). Leadership styles and employees’ work outcomes in nonprofit organizations: the role of work engagement. The Journal of Management Development, 39(7/8), 869-893. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmd-12-2019-0499

Afsar, B., Siddiquei, A., Asadullah, M., Awan, H., & Asmi, F. (2020). Servant leadership: a new perspective to explore project leadership and team effectiveness. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29(3), 699-715. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-12-2019-1975

Ahmad, S., Islam, T., D’Cruz, P., & Noronha, E. (2022). Caring for those in your charge: the role of servant leadership and compassion in managing bullying in the workplace. International Journal of Conflict Management, 34(1), 125-149. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijcma-05-2022-0098

Ahmad, S., Islam, T., Sadiq, M., & Kaleem, A. (2021). Promoting green behavior through ethical leadership: a model of green human resource management and environmental knowledge. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 42(4), 531-547. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-01-2020-0024

Alafeshat, R. and Tanova, C. (2019). Servant leadership style and high-performance work system practices: pathway to a sustainable jordanian airline industry. Sustainability, 11(22), 6191. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226191

Aloustani, S., Atashzadeh‐Shoorideh, F., Zagheri‐Tafreshi, M., Nasiri, M., & Barkhordari-Sharifabad, M. (2020). Association between ethical leadership, ethical climate and organizational citizenship behavior from nurses’ perspective: a descriptive correlational study. BMC Nursing, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0408-1

Amir, D., Santoso, C., & Primadineska, R. (2021). Implementation of servant leadership in profit and non-profit context: is it different?. Diponegoro International Journal of Business, 4(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.14710/dijb.4.1.2021.1-7

Andrade, M. (2023). Servant leadership: developing others and addressing gender inequities. Strategic Hr Review, 22(2), 52-57. https://doi.org/10.1108/shr-06-2022-0032

Ashraf, S., Afridi, S., & Saifullah, K. (2022). Employees voluntary green behaviour: the role of servant leadership and psychological empowerment. Numl International Journal of Business & Management, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.52015/nijbm.v17i1.93

Beaton, E., MacIndoe, H., & Wang, T. (2020). Combining nonprofit service and advocacy: organizational structures and hybridity. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 50(2), 372-396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764020959477

Bieńkowska, A., Koszela, A., Ludwikowska, K., & Tworek, K. (2022). Turnover-mitigating effect of servant leadership on job performance. Engineering Management in Production and Services, 14(2), 67-81. https://doi.org/10.2478/emj-2022-0017

Brière, M., Roy, J., & Meïer, O. (2020). Linking servant leadership to positive deviant behavior: the mediating role of self‐determination theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 51(2), 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12716

Cai, H. (2024). Construed organizational ethical climate and whistleblowing behavior: the moderated mediation effect of person–organization value congruence and ethical leader behavior. Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040293

Cai, M., Humphrey, R., & Qian, S. (2021). Emotional intelligence and servant leadership: a meta‐analytic review. Business Ethics the Environment & Responsibility, 30(2), 231-243. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12332

Canavesi, A. and Minelli, E. (2021). Servant leadership: a systematic literature review and network analysis. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 34(3), 267-289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-021-09381-3

Cataldo, J. (2022). Defining a supportive organizational context for ipc in primary care: a

Chapman, C., Hornsey, M., Mangan, H., Gillespie, N., Macchia, S., & Lockey, S. (2021). Comparing the effectiveness of post-scandal apologies from nonprofit and commercial organizations: an extension of the moral disillusionment model. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 51(6), 1257-1280. https://doi.org/10.1177/08997640211062666

Chen, H., Wang, L., & Li, J. (2022). How can servant leadership promote employees’ voice behavior? a moderated chain mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.938983

Crippen, C. and Willows, J. (2019). Connecting teacher leadership and servant leadership: a synergistic partnership. Journal of Leadership Education, 18(2), 171-180. https://doi.org/10.12806/v18/i2/t4

Dayanti, P. and Yulianti, P. (2023). How do servant leadership and knowledge sharing trigger innovative work behaviors among millennials at start-up businesses?. Jurnal Manajemen Teori Dan Terapan | Journal of Theory and Applied Management, 16(1), 95-106. https://doi.org/10.20473/jmtt.v16i1.43224

Dong, Q., Lu, J., & Lee, C. (2022). Advocating with a commercial mindset: the impact of commercial income on nonprofit advocacy engagement. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 33(1), 203-216. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21514

Dryburgh, M. (2020). teaching servant leadership: ansar burney and child camel jockeys. Journal of Leadership Education, 19(4), 166-122. https://doi.org/10.12806/v19/i4/a1

Faizah, A., Rumengan, J., nurhatisyah, N., Yanti, S., & Dewi, N. (2021). Influence of servant leadership, organizational safety culture and work environment on organizational citizenship behavior in application of patient safety with affective organizational commitment. Conference Series, 3(2), 140-150. https://doi.org/10.34306/conferenceseries.v3i2.473

Fakhri, M. (2024). What makes servant leadership effective for female employees? servant leadership application during the covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 7(2), 559-566. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v7i2.2683

Faruqi, A. (2020). The effect of servant leadership on establishment of organizational citizenship behavior (ocb) through organizational commitment of employee in pt. awam bersaudara. Airlangga Development Journal, 3(2), 180. https://doi.org/10.20473/adj.v3i2.19304

Franco, M. and Antunes, A. (2020). Understanding servant leadership dimensions. Nankai Business Review International, 11(3), 345-369. https://doi.org/10.1108/nbri-08-2019-0038

Ghahremani, H. (2024). The influence of servant leadership on internal career success: an examination of psychological climates and career progression expectations. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 31(2), 125-145. https://doi.org/10.1177/15480518241248217

Gil, A., Mosegui, G., Moreira, R., & Eguizabal, M. (2023). The moderating role of employee proactive behaviour in the relationship between servant leadership and job satisfaction. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 32(3), 422-434. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-01-2023-3592

Giolito, V., Liden, R., Dierendonck, D., & Cheung, G. (2020). Servant leadership influencing store-level profit: the mediating effect of employee flourishing. Journal of Business Ethics, 172(3), 503-524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04509-1

Göçen, A. (2020). A discussion of servant and ethical leadership styles., 235-250. https://doi.org/10.46679/isbn978819484832511

Gui, C., Luo, A., Zhang, P., & Deng, A. (2020). A meta-analysis of transformational leadership in hospitality research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(6), 2137-2154. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-05-2019-0507

Guo, F., Xue, Z., He, J., & Yasmin, F. (2023). Ethical leadership and workplace behavior in the education sector: the implications of employees' ethical work behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1040000

Hanaysha, J., Kumar, V., Inairat, M., & Paramaiah, C. (2022). Direct and indirect effects of servant and ethical leadership styles on employee creativity: mediating role of organizational citizenship behavior. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research, 40(1), 79-98. https://doi.org/10.1108/agjsr-04-2022-0033

Haq, I., Raja, U., Alam, I., Clercq, D., & Saleem, S. (2021). Servant leadership and mistreatment at the workplace: mediation of trust and moderation of ethical climate. Personnel Review, 51(3), 1061-1084. https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-04-2019-0172

Hartnell, C., Ou, A., Kinicki, A., Choi, D., & Karam, E. (2019). A meta-analytic test of organizational culture’s association with elements of an organization’s system and its relative predictive validity on organizational outcomes.. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(6), 832-850. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000380

Hsieh, H., Hsu, H., & Kao, K. (2020). Ethical leadership and employee unethical pro-organizational behavior: a moderated mediation model of moral disengagement and coworker ethical behavior. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(6), 799-812. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-10-2019-0464

Huertas-Valdivia, I., Rojo, A., & Montes, F. (2019). Effects of different leadership styles on hospitality workers. Tourism Management, 71, 402-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.10.027

Hung, C. (2020). Commercialization and nonprofit donations: a meta‐analytic assessment and extension. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 31(2), 287-309. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21435

Hung, C. and Berrett, J. (2022). The effects of commercialization on nonprofit efficiency and the moderating roles of government funding and organizational size. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 33(4), 735-753. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21546

Hung, C. and Suykens, B. (2023). Donors' giving decisions toward nonprofit commercialization: do commercial form and intensity matter?. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 34(2), 293-315. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21577

Ibáñez, J. and Fernández, J. (2021). Ethical infrastructure on small and medium enterprises: actionable items to influence the perceived importance of ethics. Business and Society Review, 126(3), 339-361. https://doi.org/10.1111/basr.12240

Iqbal, A., Latif, K., & Ahmad, M. (2020). Servant leadership and employee innovative behaviour: exploring psychological pathways. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(6), 813-827. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-11-2019-0474

Jang, S., Yoo, S., Lee, J., & Lee, Y. (2022). Serving for thriving: a moderated mediation analysis of the relationship between servant leadership and thriving at work. Personnel Review, 52(5), 1345-1361. https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-08-2021-0602

Jin, J. (2023). The role of empathic communication in the relationship between servant leadership and workplace loneliness: a serial mediation model. Behavioral Sciences, 14(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14010004

Kauppila, O., Ehrnrooth, M., Mäkelä, K., Smale, A., Sumelius, J., & Vuorenmaa, H. (2021). Serving to help and helping to serve: using servant leadership to influence beyond supervisory relationships. Journal of Management, 48(3), 764-790. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206321994173

Kuenzi, M., Mayer, D., & Greenbaum, R. (2019). Creating an ethical organizational environment: the relationship between ethical leadership, ethical organizational climate, and unethical behavior. Personnel Psychology, 73(1), 43-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12356

Kül, S. and Sönmez, B. (2021). The effect of nurse managers' servant leadership on nurses' innovative behaviors and job performances. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 42(8), 1168-1184. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-07-2020-0318

Langhof, J. and Güldenberg, S. (2019). Servant leadership: a systematic literature review—toward a model of antecedents and outcomes. German Journal of Human Resource Management Zeitschrift Für Personalforschung, 34(1), 32-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/2397002219869903

Latif, K. and Marimón, F. (2019). Development and validation of servant leadership scale in spanish higher education. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(4), 499-519. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-01-2019-0041

Lee, A., Lyubovnikova, J., Tian, A., & Knight, C. (2019). Servant leadership: a meta‐analytic examination of incremental contribution, moderation, and mediation. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 93(1), 1-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12265

Lemoine, G., Hartnell, C., & Leroy, H. (2019). Taking stock of moral approaches to leadership: an integrative review of ethical, authentic, and servant leadership. Academy of Management Annals, 13(1), 148-187. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0121

Lemoine, G. and Blum, T. (2019). Servant leadership, leader gender, and team gender role: testing a female advantage in a cascading model of performance. Personnel Psychology, 74(1), 3-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12379

Lu, J., Guan, S., & Dong, Q. (2022). Commercializing nonprofit organizations? evidence from the chinese nonprofit sector. Public Administration, 101(3), 1072-1087. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12871

Lu, J. (2023). A systematic literature review on the relationship between servant leadership and its team and organizational level outcomes. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 37(2), 255-282. https://doi.org/10.1108/jocm-04-2023-0112

Ma, Y., Faraz, N., Ahmed, F., Iqbal, M., Saeed, U., Mughal, M., … & Raza, A. (2021). Curbing nurses' burnout during covid‐19: the roles of servant leadership and psychological safety. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(8), 2383-2391. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13414

Malik, M., Ali, K., Kausar, N., & Chaudhry, M. (2022). Impact of strategic human resource management on rule breaking and job satisfaction: moderating role of servant leadership and mediating role of rules control. International Journal of Management Research and Emerging Sciences, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.56536/ijmres.v12i1.192

Mariana, A., Hadianto, B., & Suyanto, C. (2022). Servant leadership, innovativeness, and servant performance. Law and Humanities Quarterly Reviews, 1(4). https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1996.01.04.40

Mbata, C., Oluoch, M., & Muindi, F. (2023). Authentic leadership and ethical behavior of employees in commercial banks in kenya. Journal of Human Resource &Leadership, 7(1), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.53819/81018102t2126

McAuley, C. (2019). Relationships matter—ideas for transforming the nonprofit boardroom. Performance Improvement, 58(4), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/pfi.21848

Mensah, F. (2024). The influence of ethical leadership on organisational culture and employee behaviour; the adopted rore, a posiitive impact. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VIII(II), 592-600. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.802039

Meyer, M., Alexander-Hawk, M., Purdum, J., Yelle, H., Vick, J., Rodriguez, A., … & Taylor, K. (2022). Resilience in recovery? understanding the extent, structure, and operations of nonprofits meant to address disaster survivors’ unmet needs. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 52(4), 979-1005. https://doi.org/10.1177/08997640221138265

Mikołajczak, P. (2021). Do nonprofit organizations experience precarious employment? the impact of ngo commercialization. Public Organization Review, 21(3), 595-609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-021-00512-w

Mitchell, G. and Calabrese, T. (2022). The hidden cost of trustworthiness. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 52(2), 304-326. https://doi.org/10.1177/08997640221092794

Mitchell, M., Reynolds, S., & Treviño, L. (2019). The study of behavioral ethics within organizations: a special issue introduction. Personnel Psychology, 73(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12381

mixed methods study. Health Interprofessional Practice and Education, 4(3), 2184. https://doi.org/10.7710/2641-1148.2184

Muzira, D. and Muzira, R. (2020). The concept of servant leadership in business management. East African Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 1(1), 24-32. https://doi.org/10.46606/eajess2020v01i01.0003

Muzira, D. and Muzira, R. (2020). The concept of servant leadership in business management. East African Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 1(1), 24-32. https://doi.org/10.46606/eajess2020v01i01.0003

Nakato, R., Kituyi, M., & Kaggwa, F. (2022). Ethical climate: analyzing the moderation effect on cardinal virtues and employees’ cyber security ethical behavior intention in ugandan commercial banks.. European Journal of Technology, 6(2), 49-61. https://doi.org/10.47672/ejt.1112

Nauman, S., Bhatti, S., Imam, H., & Khan, M. (2021). How servant leadership drives project team performance through collaborative culture and knowledge sharing. Project Management Journal, 53(1), 17-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/87569728211037777

Nauman, S., Musawir, A., Malik, S., & Munir, H. (2022). Servant leadership and project success: unleashing the missing links of work engagement, project work withdrawal, and project identification. Project Management Journal, 53(3), 257-276. https://doi.org/10.1177/87569728221087161

Neill, M. and Meng, J. (2023). Examining the characteristics and virtues associated with servant leadership in public relations. Public Relations Inquiry, 12(2), 183-209. https://doi.org/10.1177/2046147x231165225

Nguyen, D. (2023). The impact of personality traits on the ethical leadership, job performance and job satisfaction of public servants – a case study of the northern public sector of vietnam. CTU J. of Inn. & Sus. Dev., 15(2), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.22144/ctu.jen.2023.025

Nichols, T., Anderson, T., & Erakovich, R. (2020). Servant and transformational leadership: a supply chain management perspective. Journal of Management and Science, 10(2), 38-49. https://doi.org/10.26524/jms.2020.2.8

Nilsen, P. and Bernhardsson, S. (2019). Context matters in implementation science: a scoping review of determinant frameworks that describe contextual determinants for implementation outcomes. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4015-3

Nizma, C. (2024). The role of organizational structure in project management. Jurnal Syntax Transformation, 5(2), 590-597. https://doi.org/10.46799/jst.v5i2.928

Noch, M. (2024). The influence of leadership in audit teams on audit effectiveness. Golden Ratio of Auditing Research, 4(2), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.52970/grar.v4i2.390

Pawar, A., Sudan, K., Satini, S., & Sunarsi, D. (2020). Organizational servant leadership. International Journal of Educational Administration Management and Leadership, 63-76. https://doi.org/10.51629/ijeamal.v1i2.8

Qiu, S. and Zhang, R. (2022). The relationship between workplace incivility and psychological distress: the moderating role of servant leadership. Workplace Health & Safety, 70(10), 459-467. https://doi.org/10.1177/21650799221084067

Ramdan, M. (2024). The impact of applying the servant leadership style among educators in educational institutes: a scoping review. Tem Journal, 1068-1079. https://doi.org/10.18421/tem132-21

Robinson, G., Magnusen, M., Neubert, M., & Miller, G. (2020). Servant leadership, leader effectiveness, and the role of political skill: a study of interscholastic sport administrators and coaches. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 16(2), 291-303. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120971755

Rogers, L., Brún, A., & McAuliffe, É. (2020). Defining and assessing context in healthcare implementation studies: a systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05212-7

Saleem, F., Zhang-Zhang, Y., Gopinath, C., & Ahmad, A. (2020). Impact of servant leadership on performance: the mediating role of affective and cognitive trust. Sage Open, 10(1), 215824401990056. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019900562

Sendjaya, S., Eva, N., Robin, M., Sugianto, L., Butarbutar, I., & Härtel, C. (2019). Leading others to go beyond the call of duty. Personnel Review, 49(2), 620-635. https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-08-2018-0285

Sfetcu, L. (2021). An introduction to servant leadership and its potential for nonprofit organizations. Journal of Community Positive Practices, 21(4), 48-60. https://doi.org/10.35782/jcpp.2021.4.04

Simón, E., Mathew, A., & Thomas, V. (2022). Demonstrating servant leadership during the covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Christian Nursing, 39(4), 258-262. https://doi.org/10.1097/cnj.0000000000001002

Siqueira, J., Horst, E., Molina, G., Gunn, L., Carvalho, F., Sezen, B., … & Peña-García, N. (2022). Branding in the eye of the storm: the impact of brand ethical behavior on brand commitment during the covid-19 crisis in a south american country. Journal of Marketing Analytics, 11(1), 95-115. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41270-022-00188-1

Song, Y., Lan, J., Zheng, G., & Wang, Y. (2022). Innovation of social workers under different leadership styles: an experimental vignette study. Research on Social Work Practice, 33(7), 754-767. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497315221131319

Su, W., Lyu, B., Chen, H., & Yan-zi, Z. (2020). How does servant leadership influence employees' service innovative behavior? the roles of intrinsic motivation and identification with the leader. Baltic Journal of Management, 15(4), 571-586. https://doi.org/10.1108/bjm-09-2019-0335

Supranavičienė, U. (2024). Organizacijos viduriniosios grandies vadovams kylantys tarnaujančiosios lyderystės kompetencijų ugdymo iššūkiai. Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia, 51, 84-97. https://doi.org/10.15388/actpaed.2023.51.5

Suykens, B., Rynck, F., & Verschuere, B. (2020). Examining the extent and coherence of nonprofit hybridization toward the market in a post-corporatist welfare state. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 49(5), 909-930. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764020908344

Syahrani, M., Hernawaty, H., & Winarno, A. (2022). The effect of ethical leadership on job performance: the mediating role of public service motivation and normative commitment. Journal of Leadership in Organizations, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.22146/jlo.70614

Tripathi, D., Priyadarshi, P., Kumar, P., & Kumar, S. (2020). Micro-foundations for sustainable development: leadership and employee performance. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 28(1), 92-108. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-01-2019-1622

Tung, L. (2024). Impact of relationship quality on customer loyalty: a study in the banking system.. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/qzpxk

Vhalery, R. (2024). The total contribution of the direct and indirect influence of servant leadership on innovative work behavior. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (Ijere), 13(3), 1492. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i3.27173

Vrcelj, N., Bevanda, V., & Bevanda, N. (2022). Servant leadership: influence of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Management Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies. https://doi.org/10.7595/management.fon.2022.0009

Wang, W., Kang, S., & Choi, S. (2022). Servant leadership and creativity: a study of the sequential mediating roles of psychological safety and employee well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.807070

Wen, Q., Wu, Y., & Long, J. (2021). Influence of ethical leadership on employees’ innovative behavior: the role of organization-based self-esteem and flexible human resource management. Sustainability, 13(3), 1359. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031359

Westbrook, K., Nicol, D., Nicol, J., & Orr, D. (2022). Effects of servant leadership style on hindrance stressors, burnout, job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and individual performance in a nursing unit. Journal of Health Management, 24(4), 670-684. https://doi.org/10.1177/09720634221128100

Wıjaya, T., Nasuka, M., & Hidayat, A. (2021). Salesperson ethics behavior as antecedent of islamic banking customer loyalty. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(7), 1535-1550. https://doi.org/10.1108/jima-04-2020-0100

Yeager, V., Burns, A., Singh, S., Cronin, C., & Franz, B. (2023). Evaluation of community benefit activities among nonprofit hospitals, 2018-2021. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 29(6), E231-E236. https://doi.org/10.1097/phh.0000000000001794

Yulihardi, Y., Rosa, Y., & Darman, D. (2022). Servant leadership, self efficacy and job satisfaction, on the performance of managers of alahan panjang tourism object, solok regency. Asean International Journal of Business, 1(1), 10-23. https://doi.org/10.54099/aijb.v1i1.64

Zada, M., Zada, S., Khan, J., Saeed, I., Zhang, Y., Vega-Muñoz, A., … & Salazar-Sepúlveda, G. (2022). Does servant leadership control psychological distress in crisis? moderation and mediation mechanism. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, Volume 15, 607-622. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s354093

Zada, S., Khan, J., Saeed, I., Jun, Z., Vega-Muñoz, A., & Contreras-Barraza, N. (2022). Servant leadership behavior at workplace and knowledge hoarding: a moderation mediation examination. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.888761

Zada, S., Khan, J., Zada, M., Saeed, I., & Jun, Z. (2023). Does servant leadership enhance employee creativity and performance?. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing, 35(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.321656

Zhang, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhang, L., Xu, S., Liu, X., & Chen, W. (2019). A meta-analytic review of the consequences of servant leadership: the moderating roles of cultural factors. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 38(1), 371-400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-018-9639-z

Zhao, L. and Wu, X. (2023). The relationship between leadership style and employee voice behavior: a meta-analysis based on random-effects model.. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.9-12-2022.2327603

Downloads

Published

2024-05-31

How to Cite

Examining the role of servant leadership in promoting ethical behavior: A Systematic literature review. (2024). Management Studies and Business Journal (PRODUCTIVITY), 1(5), 835-850. https://doi.org/10.62207/md077h67